Jalal al-Din Mangburni

Jalal al-Din was the son of the Khwarazmshah Ala al-Din Muhammad. When the Mongols destroyed the Khwarazmian state in 1220, his father died on an island in the Caspian and Jalal al-Din carried on the struggle. In 1221 he defeated a Mongol army at Parwan, one of the first major defeats suffered by Genghis Khan's forces.

That same year he was heavily defeated on the Indus by Genghis Khan himself, but escaped by riding his horse off the high bank into the river and swimming across. He then tried to build a new state in India, Iran, Azerbaijan and the Caucasus and took Tabriz. In 1230 he lost to the Seljuks at Yassıçemen, and in 1231 he was killed in the mountains near Diyarbakır.