APersonIndependent states
Tokhtamysh
Khan of the Golden Horde (1380-1395): he reunited the Horde, took Moscow in 1382 and was later defeated by Timur.
Tokhtamysh was a descendant of Jochi, son of Genghis Khan. Having lost a struggle for the throne of the White Horde, he took refuge with Timur, and with his help took the White Horde in 1378 and, after defeating Mamai in 1380, the whole Golden Horde. In 1382 he burned Moscow and forced the Russian princes to pay tribute again.
He then turned against his former patron Timur, campaigning into Azerbaijan and Transoxiana. Timur defeated him heavily at the Kondurcha in 1391 and on the Terek in 1395 and destroyed the cities of the Golden Horde. Tokhtamysh fled to Lithuania and was killed in Siberia in 1406 by Edigu's men.
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Updated: November 12, 2026