Turkish War of Independence (1919–1922)

After the Armistice of Mudros in 1918, Istanbul and much of Anatolia were occupied, and Greek troops landed at İzmir in May 1919. On 19 May 1919 Mustafa Kemal Pasha landed at Samsun and began organising national resistance; the Erzurum and Sivas congresses followed.

The Grand National Assembly opened in Ankara on 23 April 1920. On the eastern front Kars was liberated, and in the south the people of Antep, Maraş and Urfa resisted occupation. The Battle of Sakarya in 1921 was the turning point. The Treaty of Kars signed that year also secured Nakhchivan's status as an autonomous territory within Azerbaijan.

The Great Offensive began on 26 August 1922, the decisive victory came at Dumlupınar on 30 August, and İzmir was liberated on 9 September. The war ended with the Treaty of Lausanne on 24 July 1923. In Türkiye 30 August is Victory Day.