The khanates of Bukhara, Khiva and Kokand

In 1501 Muhammad Shaybani Khan took the great cities of Transoxiana and founded the Khanate of Bukhara, which became the Emirate of Bukhara in the late 18th century. The Khanate of Khiva arose in Khwarazm in 1511, and the Khanate of Kokand in the Fergana Valley in the early 18th century.

Urban life, trade and crafts flourished in these states, Bukhara remained a centre of Islamic learning, and many of today's monuments in Khiva and Bukhara were built in this era.

In the second half of the 19th century the Russian Empire conquered the region: Kokand was abolished in 1876, Bukhara and Khiva became Russian protectorates, and in 1920 both were turned into Soviet republics.